CF Foundation | Plenary | Emerging Technologies "The Path to a Cure"

The Path to a Cure for Cystic Fibrosis

 Plenary I

Plenary II

Looking back to 1988 when my second son was born and diagnosed with cystic fibrosis from a vantage point over thirty years ago the path has been clear.  He was born fortuitously around the time when the CFTR gene was localized after the human genome was analyzed.  The future looks bright, and hopeful.    The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation is committing 500 million dollars over the next five years (2025) for future developments in treatment for CF.

Please watch and join Francis T. Collins, M.D., Ph.D., the Director of the National Institutes of Health and one of the discoverers of the double helix of DNA.

Please go to the time slot at 1:24:00/1:34 for his musical rendering of two songs dedicated to patients with cystic fibrosis

Anti-5Gers to replace anti-Vaxxers

There is no science that proves ill-health impacts from 4G or 5G, Telstra chair John Mullen has said.

There is no magic about 5G. It uses a higher portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (radiofrequency). The 4G LTE spectrum has just about run out of spectrum.

Rumors about the safety of 5G coming from Australia are not scientifically valid. Other rumors such as 5G being more hazardous in the northern hemisphere due to a shift in the magnetic poles and anti 5Gers have joined the likes of anti-vaxxers.  5G is not required to enter kindergarten.

Health care

It is anticipated that 5G will have effects on healthcare, but not due to any effect on human health or wellness. Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) component of 5G could fundamentally change health care. Since URLLC reduces 5G latency even further than what you’ll see with enhanced mobile broadband, a world of new possibilities opens up. Expect to see improvements in telemedicine, remote recovery, and physical therapy via AR, precision surgery, and even remote surgery in the coming years.

Remember massive Machine-Type Communications? mMTC will also play a key role in health care. Hospitals can create massive sensor networks to monitor patients, physicians can prescribe smart pills to track compliance, and insurers can even monitor subscribers to determine appropriate treatments and processes.

5G and mMtC will allow the use of installed power line infrastructure to transmit 5G

Autonomous vehicles

Expect to see autonomous vehicles rise at the same rate that 5G is deployed across the U.S. In the future, your vehicle will communicate with other vehicles on the road, provide information to other cars about road conditions, and offer performance information to drivers and automakers. If a car brakes quickly up ahead, yours may learn about it immediately and preemptively brake as well, preventing a collision. This kind of vehicle-to-vehicle communication could ultimately save thousands of lives.

Remote device control
Since 5G has remarkably low latency, remote control of heavy machinery will become a reality. While the primary aim is to reduce risk in hazardous environments, it will also allow technicians with specialized skills to control machinery from anywhere in the world.

IoT
One of the most exciting and crucial aspects of 5G is its effect on the Internet of Things. While we currently have sensors that can communicate with each other, they tend to require a lot of resources and are quickly depleting LTE data capacity.

Telstra chair likens 5G health truthers to anti-vaccination and Flat Earth movements | ZDNet:

Burnout Among Physicians Compared With Individuals With a Professional or Doctoral Degree in a Field Outside of Medicine - Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Physician burnout has become the 21st Century indicator for physician dissatisfaction. How accurate is that statement comparing physician burnout with executive burnout, CEOs, and the military command structure?

For one thing, the different professions attract far different personalities. The personality traits of a physician are far different than those of attornies or corporate executives.

In the past patients were aware of the challenge of being a 'doctor'.  Today in the 21st century there are now measurements and data points to prove the vulnerability of a physician.

When a patient enters the examination room, how often does the patient wonder, "Is my doctor burned out?" A normal-appearing doctor may be compensating by substance abuse and/or self-medication and may appear to function quite well.

In a study by 

Tait D. Shanafelt, MD
Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
Christine Sinsky, MD
American Medical Association, Chicago, IL
Lotte N. Dyrbye, MD, MHPE
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
Mickey Trockel, MD, PhD
Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
Colin P. West, MD, PhD
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

published in the Proceedings of the Mayo Clinic, the authors state,

"Medicine is a demanding profession with a long and arduous training process. Once physicians complete training, they engage in meaningful and professionally fulfilling work. They also typically work long hours and deal with a number of profession-specific challenges (eg, dealing with medical errors, risk of malpractice suits, frequent exposure to human suffering, and a rigorous maintenance of the certification process). In recent years, a host of regulatory changes and the more widespread use of electronic health records have increased clerical burden and changed the nature of the physician’s workday.1 Collectively, these and other challenges contribute to professional burnout, a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, cynicism (depersonalization), and a decreased sense of efficacy.2

Since 2011, we have conducted a series of studies evaluating the point prevalence of burnout among physicians as well as US workers in other fields.3, 4, 5 These studies have consistently found physicians to be at higher risk for burnout than workers in other fields, even after adjusting for age, sex, relationship status, and work hours. Notably, although increasing levels of education have a protective effect on the risk of burnout among workers in general, this is not true of physicians.3

Although we have previously reported associations between the level of education and the risk of burnout, we have not previously performed a focused analysis comparing physicians with individuals with a professional (eg, JD) or doctoral level (eg, Ph.D.) degree in another discipline. Although the precise nature of their work may differ, these professionals have an educational journey more analogous to that of physicians and may have a more similar set of expectations with respect to work hours and responsibility.

Since 2011, we have conducted a series of studies evaluating the point prevalence of burnout among physicians as well as US workers in other fields.3, 4, 5 These studies have consistently found physicians to be at higher risk for burnout than workers in other fields, even after adjusting for age, sex, relationship status, and work hours. Notably, although increasing levels of education have a protective effect on the risk of burnout among workers in general, this is not true of physicians.3
Although we have previously reported associations between the level of education and the risk of burnout, we have not previously performed a focused analysis comparing physicians with individuals with a professional (eg, JD) or doctoral level (eg, Ph.D.) degree in another discipline. Although the precise nature of their work may differ, these professionals have an educational journey more analogous to that of physicians and may have a more similar set of expectations with respect to work hours and responsibility.

To explore this, we used data from our 2017 survey of physicians and US workers in other fields.5 The methods for this study have been described previously. Among the 5198 employed US workers in the study, 285 (5.5%) had a professional degree or doctoral-level degree in a field outside of medicine. A comparison of the demographic characteristics, work hours, satisfaction with work-life integration (WLI), and symptoms of burnout among these individuals and the 3971 employed physicians in the study from the same age range (age, 29-65 years) is shown in Table 1. Physicians worked more hours per week, were less satisfied with WLI, and were more likely to experience symptoms of professional burnout. The higher rates of burnout and decreased satisfaction with WLI in physicians persisted in a multivariable analysis adjusted for age, sex, relationship status, and hours worked per week (Table 2).

Table 1

Comparison of Employed Physicians in the Sample Aged 29 to 65 y With Employed US Adults Aged 29 to 65 y With a Doctoral Level Degree in a Field Outside of Medicinea

Characteristic Physicians (n=3971) Adults with a PhD/doctoral degree outside of medicine (n=285) P value

Sex
 Male 2279 (57.5) 158 (55.4) .47
 Female 1674 (42.2) 127 (44.6)
 Other 11 (0.3) –
Age
 Median 50.0 51.0 .51
Relationship status
 Single 498 (12.7) 55 (19.3) <.001
 Married 3233 (82.2) 203 (71.2)
 Partnered 168 (4.3) 20 (7.0)
 Widowed/widower 35 (0.9) 7 (2.5)
 Missing 37 0
Hours worked per week <.001
 Mean ± SD 52.6±16.1 44.5±11.7
 Median 50.0 40.0
 <40 h="" span="" style="white-space: pre;">
569 (14.6) 43 (15.1) <.001 40-49 h 801 (20.5) 140 (49.3)
 50-59 h 1017 (26.0) 65 (22.9)
 60-69 h 887 (22.7) 26 (9.2)
 70-79 h 323 (8.3) 7 (2.5)
 ≥80 h 309 (7.9) 3 (1.1)
 Missing 65 1

Distress

Burnout
Emotional exhaustionb P.001
Never 473 (12.0) 29 (10.2)
A few times a year 863 (21.9) 68 (23.9)
Once a month or less 553 (14.0) 59 (20.7)
A few times a month 618 (15.7) 57 (20.0)
Once a week 390 (9.9) 21 (7.4)
A few times a week 585 (14.8) 33 (11.6)
Every day 462 (11.7) 18 (6.3)
Missing 27 0
% High scorec 1437 (36.4) 72 (25.3) <.001

Depersonalization .46
Never 1435 (36.4) 119 (41.8)
A few times a year 917 (23.3) 67 (23.5)
Once a month or less 462 (11.7) 32 (11.2)
A few times a month 417 (10.6) 29 (10.2)
Once a week 209 (5.3) 12 (4.2)
A few times a week 299 (7.6) 14 (4.9)
Every day 199 (5.1) 12 (4.2)
Missing 33 0
% High scored 707 (18.0) 38 (13.3) .05
Burnoute 1566 (39.8) 82 (28.8) P;.001
 
Satisfaction with work-life integration
Work schedule leaves me enough time for my personal/family life:
Strongly agree 422 (10.7) 58 (20.4) <.001
Agree 1157 (29.3) 103 (36.3)
Neutral 641 (16.2) 55 (19.4)
Disagree 1103 (27.9) 57 (20.1)
Strongly disagree 626 (15.9) 11 (3.9)
Missing 22 1







Burnout Among Physicians Compared With Individuals With a Professional or Doctoral Degree in a Field Outside of Medicine - Mayo Clinic Proceedings: range

UPDATE: The FDA Warns that Biotin May Interfere with Lab Tests: FDA Safety Communication | FDA

It is important for patients and providers to know what nutritional supplements, vitamins and other health foods you consume.  Many cross-react with other medications, and/or interfere with standard blood tests. Some of these reactions, side effects are uncommon. You should also consult with your pharmacist. Bring the actual bottle or container to your pharmacy. The ingredients are listed on the container label..

The FDA released a safety communication alerting patients and physicians about the possible reaction from Biotin to laboratory tests. Biotin

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is updating our 2017 safety communication to remind the public, health care providers, lab personnel, and lab test developers that biotin, often found in dietary supplements, can significantly interfere with certain lab tests and cause incorrect results that may go undetected. The FDA wants to make the public and health care providers aware about biotin interference with lab tests so that patients, physicians, and laboratories can work together to help prevent adverse events.

As noted in the original safety communication, while biotin in patient samples can cause falsely high or falsely low results, depending on the type of test, the FDA is particularly concerned about biotin interference causing a falsely low result for troponin, a clinically important biomarker to aid in the diagnosis of heart attacks, which may lead to a missed diagnosis and potentially serious clinical implications. The FDA continues to receive adverse events reports indicating biotin interference caused falsely low troponin results.

Since the FDA's safety communication on this topic in 2017, some lab test developers have been successful at mitigating the biotin interference of their assays, but others have not yet addressed it. The FDA remains concerned about troponin laboratory tests that have not addressed the risk of biotin interference. The FDA has posted a webpage on Biotin Interference with Troponin Lab Tests - Assays Subject to Biotin Interference to notify the public about troponin assays where the risk of biotin interference has not yet been addressed.

Recommendations for Consumers
Talk to your doctor if you are currently taking biotin (also called vitamin B7) or are considering adding biotin, or a supplement containing biotin, to your diet.
Know that biotin is found in multivitamins, including prenatal multivitamins, biotin supplements, and supplements for hair, skin, and nail growth in levels that may interfere with laboratory tests.  However, the amount of biotin can vary significantly among different products. Consider that the daily recommended allowance for biotin is 0.03 mg and that amount does not typically cause interference in lab tests
Be aware that some supplements, particularly those labeled to benefit hair, skin, and nails, may have high levels of biotin, which may not always be clear from the name of the supplement. FDA is aware of many supplements containing 20mg of biotin, and some containing up to 100mg per pill, with recommendations to take multiple pills per day. Supplements containing high biotin levels may interfere with affected lab tests.
Sufficient information is not available to know if stopping biotin consumption for any number of hours prior to testing will prevent incorrect test results.
If you had a lab test done and are concerned about the results, talk to your health care provider about the possibility of biotin interference.
For more information, see NIH Biotin Fact Sheet for Consumers
Recommendations for Health Care Providers
Talk to your patients about any biotin supplements or multivitamin supplements they are taking that may contain biotin, including supplements marketed for hair, skin, and nail growth.
Know that biotin is found in multivitamins, including prenatal multivitamins, biotin supplements, and dietary supplements for hair, skin, and nail growth in levels that may interfere with lab tests.
Be aware that many lab tests, including but not limited to cardiovascular diagnostic tests and hormone tests, that use biotin technology are potentially affected, and incorrect test results may be generated if there is biotin in the patient's specimen.
Communicate to the lab conducting the testing if your patient is taking biotin.
If a lab test result does not match the clinical presentation of your patient, consider biotin interference as a possible source of error.
Report to the lab test manufacturer and the FDA if you become aware of a patient experiencing an adverse event following potentially incorrect laboratory test results due to biotin interference.
Recommendations for Lab Personnel
If you use assays with biotin technology, be aware that it is difficult to identify samples that contain biotin; therefore, it is important to communicate with health care providers and patients to prevent incorrect test results.
If you are collecting samples in the lab, ask whether the patient is taking biotin or a biotin containing supplement.
Educate health care providers about biotin interference with certain lab tests used in your lab.
Consider that the daily recommended allowance for biotin is 0.03 mg for adults and these biotin levels do not typically cause significant interference. However, supplements containing high biotin levels including those marketed for hair, skin, and nail benefits, may contain up to 20 mg of biotin, and physicians may recommend up to 300 mg per day for conditions such as multiple sclerosis. Biotin levels higher than the recommended daily allowance may cause significant interference with affected lab tests.
Be aware that specimens collected from patients taking high levels of biotin may contain more than 100 ng/mL biotin. Concentrations of biotin up to 1200 ng/mL may be present in specimens collected from patients taking up to 300 mg per day.
Currently available data is insufficient to support recommendations for safe testing using affected tests in patients taking high levels of biotin, including about the length of time for biotin clearance from the blood.
Communicate with the lab test manufacturer if you have questions about biotin interference.
Be aware of certain troponin assays where the risk of biotin interference has not yet been addressed. See Biotin Interference with Troponin Lab Tests - Assays Subject to Biotin Interference.
Recommendations for Lab Test Manufacturers and Developers

If your assay uses biotin technology, contact the FDA to discuss biotin interference.
Investigate interference from biotin (up to at least 1200 ng/mL biotin) in your assays that use biotin technology. Determine the lowest concentration of biotin that may cause clinically significant interference with your test(s). Communicate with your customers if they may be unaware that your test uses biotin technology and how it may be affected.

Contact the FDA if you have any questions about biotin technology and interference.

Biotin Interference with Certain Lab Tests May Lead to Incorrect Test Results
Many lab tests use biotin technology due to its ability to bond with specific proteins which can be measured to detect certain health conditions. For example, biotin is used in hormone tests and tests for markers of cardiac health like troponin. Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is a water-soluble vitamin often found in multivitamins, prenatal vitamins, and dietary supplements marketed for hair, skin, and nail growth.

Biotin in blood or other samples were taken from patients who are ingesting high levels of biotin in dietary supplements can cause clinically significant incorrect lab test results. The FDA continues to see reports of adverse events, in addition to the one death reported prior to the 2017 safety communication, related to biotin interference with lab tests.

Incorrect test results may lead to inappropriate patient management or misdiagnosis. For example, a falsely low result for troponin, a clinically important biomarker to aid in the diagnosis of heart attacks, may lead to a missed diagnosis and potentially serious clinical implications. Prior to the 2017 safety communication, the FDA had received a report that one patient taking high levels of biotin died following low troponin test results when a troponin test subject to biotin interference was used.

The FDA is aware of people taking high levels of biotin that would interfere with lab tests. Many dietary supplements promoted for hair, skin, and nail benefits contain biotin levels up to 650 times the recommended daily intake of biotin. Physicians may also be recommending high levels of biotin for patients with certain conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Biotin levels higher than the recommended daily allowance may cause interference with lab tests.

Patients and physicians may be unaware of biotin interference in laboratory assays. Even physicians who are aware of this interference are likely unaware as to whether, and how much biotin, patients are taking. Since patients are unaware of biotin interference, patients may not report taking biotin supplements to their physicians and may even be unaware they are taking biotin (for example, when taking products generally labeled for their benefits to hair and nails).

FDA Actions

On November 28, 2017, the FDA issued a Safety Communication, The FDA Warns that Biotin May Interfere with Lab Tests, that discussed concerns with biotin interference in certain laboratory tests.

On November 5, 2019, the FDA published this updated Safety Communication because the FDA remains concerned about certain laboratory tests that have not addressed the risk of biotin interference.

In addition, the FDA also published a webpage Biotin Interference with Troponin Lab Tests - Assays Subject to Biotin Interference to notify the public about troponin assays.  (The detection of a rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin (cTn) plays a key role in the earlier diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). Cardiac troponins are markers of myocardial necrosis, and, because of their high cardiac-specificity, are the preferred biomarker for the diagnosis of MI.) where the risk of biotin interference has not yet been addressed. 

The FDA continues to monitor reports of adverse events associated with biotin interference with laboratory tests and will update the public if significant new information becomes available.









UPDATE: The FDA Warns that Biotin May Interfere with Lab Tests: FDA Safety Communication | FDA: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is updating our 2017 safety communication.

AMA says Walmart “refusal to fill” policy interferes with the practice of medicine

Recent concerns about opioid misuse and abuse have led payors, policymakers and retail pharmacies to attempt to restrict the dispensing of prescribed opioid dosage and duration.

One such policy of great concern is Walmart’s corporate policy that limits opioid prescriptions to seven days or 50 morphine milligram equivalents, which is causing harm to patients with acute, palliative, cancer-related, chronic pain and other medical conditions requiring amounts or doses greater than the policy allows. 

Walmart is inappropriately interpreting the Center for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines for prescribing opioids to set these policies. Such arbitrary prescribing thresholds interfere with the patient-physician relationship, physician practice and patients’ access to quality care and treatment.

In some cases, physicians have been inexplicably “blacklisted” where Walmart refuses to fill their prescriptions for controlled substances without explanation, and the physicians are left without a means of contesting the decision.

Walmart in explaining it's policy

On multiple occasions, AMA has requested that Walmart be transparent by explaining the algorithm it uses to justify restrictions to prescriptions, but according to AMA, all of its  letters have gone “without a meaningful response.”  As part of continued efforts to resolve the issue with Walmart, the American Medical Association (AMA) sent a letter to Thomas Van Gilder, M.D., Chief Medical and Analytics Officer for Walmart, Inc. on September 24, 2019, regarding its corporate prescription opioid restriction policy, also referred to as its “refusal to fill” policy.

 “Your ‘refusal to fill‘ policy also has disrupted legitimate medical practices that receive form letters telling them their prescribing rights under state law will be superseded by a Walmart-created algorithm that deems a physician unfit to prescribe,”

This is not an isolated occurrence. It follows on the actions of the DEA to decrease opioid prescription negligence by providers. The number of opioid prescriptions has decreased markedly due to education efforts by the DEA and education in alternatives to opioids for pain management.

Undoubtedly a corporate decision was made by Walmart that it could be held liable for overdoses by patients. Usually when a pharmacist questions a prescription he/she contacts the physician directly. The danger of computer algorithms acting

The CDC released an advisory in regarding to their guidelines for opioids.   CDC Advises Against Misapplication of the Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain

Some policies, practices attributed to the Guideline are inconsistent with its recommendations







AMA says Walmart “refusal to fill” policy interferes with the practice of medicine: Recent concerns about opioid misuse and abuse have led payors, policymakers and retail pharmacies to attempt to restrict the dispensing of prescribed opioid dosage and duration.

Suicide rate for kids ages 10 to 14 nearly tripled in last decade: CDC -

The suicide rate among children aged 10 through 14 has nearly tripled from 2007 to 2017, while the suicide rate among older teenagers has increased by 76% between 2007 and 2017, new federal data show.

Meanwhile, homicide ranked as the third most common cause of death for teens aged 15-19 and adults aged 20-24, and the fifth most common cause for children aged 10-14.

“After a stable period from 2000 to 2007, suicide rates for persons aged 10-24 increased from 2007 to 2017, while homicide rates increased from 2014 to 2017,” the report explains.

“The pace of increase for suicide was greater from 2013 to 2017 (7 percent annually, on average) than from 2007 to 2013 (3 percent annually).”

Although it declined from 2000 to 2007, the suicide rate for children ages 10 through 14 has nearly tripled from 2007 (0.9 deaths per 100,000 persons) to 2017 (2.5 deaths per 100,000 persons).

Though stable from 2000 to 2007, the suicide rate for U.S. adolescents aged 15 to 19 increased from 6.7 per 100,000 persons in 2007 to 11.8 per 100,000 persons in 2017. The pace of increase was greater from 2014 to 2017 with an increase of 10 percent per year on average.

“Not only is suicide trending upward, but the pace of increase is actually accelerating,” said the report’s co-author, Sally Curtin, in an interview with NPR.

“It is important to recognize that suicide is not caused by one single factor but instead a range of factors that include mental health conditions, but also include important situational factors that many of us will experience in a lifetime — including social, physical, emotional or financial issues,” Carr was quoted as saying.

Factors such as a reduction in quality of life, the poor job market for college graduates, political polarization, an overload of information due to internet usage, and the effects of social media. Other factors such as prolonged immobility and lack of exercise coincident with the increasing use of the internet.

Glenn Thomas, a clinical director of community-based services for behavioral health at the Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Ohio, told CBS News that the rates of depression have increased consistently with the suicide rate.

Suicide was the 10th most common cause of death among all Americans in 2017.





The suicide rate for kids ages 10 to 14 nearly tripled in the last decade: CDC - The Christian Post:

If you are a fruitfly stay away from the light......It may shorten your life

https://tinyurl.com/yy95675k


Daily blue-light exposure shortens lifespan and causes brain neurodegeneration in Drosophila

Light is necessary for life, but prolonged exposure to artificial light is a matter of increasing health concern. Humans are exposed to increased amounts of light in the blue spectrum produced by light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which can interfere with normal sleep cycles. The LED technologies are relatively new; therefore, the long-term effects of exposure to blue light across the lifespan are not understood. We investigated the effects of light in the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, and determined that flies maintained in daily cycles of 12-h blue LED and 12-h darkness had significantly reduced longevity compared with flies maintained in constant darkness or in white light with blue wavelengths blocked. Exposure of adult flies to 12 h of blue light per day accelerated aging phenotypes causing damage to retinal cells, brain neurodegeneration, and impaired locomotion. We report that brain damage and locomotor impairments do not depend on the degeneration in the retina, as these phenotypes were evident under blue light in flies with genetically ablated eyes. Blue light induces expression of stress-responsive genes in old flies but not in young, suggesting that cumulative light exposure acts as a stressor during aging. We also determined that several known blue-light-sensitive proteins are not acting in pathways mediating detrimental light effects. Our study reveals the unexpected effects of blue light on fly brain and establishes Drosophila as a model in which to investigate long-term effects of blue light at the cellular and organismal level.

Natural light is essential for the entrainment of circadian clocks, which leads to temporal coordination of physiology and behavior. However, emerging evidence suggests that increased exposure to artificial light is a risk factor for sleep and circadian disorders.1,2 With the prevalent use of LED lighting and device displays, humans are subjected to increasing amounts of light in the blue spectrum since commonly used LEDs emit a high fraction of blue light, often peaking at 460 nm (these lights appear white due to the addition of broad-spectrum yellow garnet phosphor).3 Blue light may affect human eyes,4 and recent data suggest that extraocular light may impact human brain physiology.5 However, the consequences of daily exposure to blue-enriched light across the lifespan are not known.

Laboratory study of drosophila melanogaster

Flies are used extensively to understand the mechanisms of aging in laboratories across the world, but the specifics of light conditions in terms of intensity and spectral composition are usually not provided. Our study suggests that the light used in fly facilities may critically affect experimental outcomes and should be reported in aging studies to facilitate the consistency of the results coming from different labs. Our discovery that lifetime exposure to artificial light may cause extra-retinal damage and reduce longevity in a complex model organism provides a novel opportunity to understand the molecular mechanisms of the increasingly evident harmful side of light.


This was a good scientific method with data for analysis.  The results seem to confirm the posit of the article.  However is this data relevant to primates or humans.?

Such is the  challenge of translating animal studies to humans.