CVS and Walgreens Have Wasted More Vaccine Doses Than Most States Combined

Joshua Eaton and Rachana Pradhan May 3, 2021

Two national pharmacy chains that the federal government entrusted to inoculate people against covid-19 account for the lion’s share of wasted vaccine doses, according to government data obtained by KHN.

This story also ran on NBC News. It can be republished for free.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recorded 182,874 wasted doses as of late March, three months into the country’s effort to vaccinate the masses against the coronavirus. Of those, CVS was responsible for nearly half, and Walgreens for 21%, or nearly 128,500 wasted shots combined.

CDC data suggests that the companies have wasted more doses than states, U.S. territories and federal agencies combined. Pfizer’s vaccine, which in December was the first to be deployed and initially required storage at ultracold temperatures, represented nearly 60% of tossed doses.

It’s not completely clear from the CDC data why the two chains wasted so much more vaccine than states and federal agencies. Some critics have pointed to poor planning early in the rollout, when the Trump administration leaned heavily on CVS and Walgreens to vaccinate residents and staff members of long-term care facilities. In response to questions, CVS said “nearly all” of its reported vaccine waste occurred during that effort. Walgreens did not specify how many wasted doses were from the long-term care program.

One thing is clear: Months into the nation’s vaccination drive, the CDC has a limited view of how much vaccine is going to waste, where it’s wasted and who is wasting it, potentially complicating efforts to direct doses to where they are needed most. Public health experts say having a good handle on waste is crucial for detecting problems that could derail progress and risk lives.

The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, which come in multidose vials, are fragile and have limited shelf lives. Overall, waste has been minuscule: As of March 30, the U.S. had delivered roughly 189.5 million vaccine doses and administered 147.6 million, including 7.7 million in long-term care facilities, according to the CDC.

Among other things, tracking wasted doses helps to identify bottlenecks where distribution adjustments might be needed, said Dr. Bruce Y. Lee, a professor of health policy and management at the City University of New York. Because the federal government is footing the bill for the country’s doses, any waste amounts to “basically throwing [taxpayer] money down the chute,” he said. CVS, Walgreens and other retailers don’t pay for the vaccine. The government provides it. And under the Medicare program, it pays providers roughly $40 for each dose administered.

Particularly early on, officials didn’t adequately assess where there would be demand and set up sites in response, Lee said — something that’s especially important when trying to jab as many people as possible as quickly as possible.

“If you think of any business, they’re going to determine where the customers are first,” he said. “It’s not just a matter of loading up vaccine and going to a place.”

KHN’s survey of vaccine waste is based on public records requests to the CDC and all 50 states, five major cities, Puerto Rico and Washington, D.C. Combined, the records document more than 200,000 wasted doses. However, the data has clear shortcomings. Data from 15 states, the District of Columbia and multiple U.S. territories are not included in the CDC’s records. And, in general, waste reporting has been inconsistent.

In addition to the CDC, 33 states and D.C. provided at least some data to KHN in response to those records requests. They reported at least 18,675 additional doses that have been wasted across 10 jurisdictions not represented in the CDC figures. They include 9,229 doses wasted in Texas as of March 26 and 2,384 in New Hampshire as of March 10.

An additional eight states told KHN of more wasted doses than they reported to the CDC.

But no city or state comes close to the waste reported by CVS and Walgreens, whose long-term care vaccination drive was criticized by some officials as slow and ineffective. Among nursing home staffers, a median of 37.5% reported they got a shot in the first month, according to a February CDC study.

“To me, this ultimately correlates with just poor planning,” said Dr. Michael Wasserman, immediate past president of the California Association of Long Term Care Medicine and a critic of the corporate effort.

Wasserman said the companies’ approach was too restrictive and their unfamiliarity with long-term facilities’ needs harmed the effort.

“CVS and Walgreens didn’t have a clue when it came to interacting with nursing homes,” he said. “Missed opportunities for vaccination in long-term care invariably results in deaths.”

A CVS spokesperson, Michael DeAngelis, in an email blamed wasted doses on “issues with transportation restrictions, limitations on redirecting unused doses, and other factors.”

“Despite the inherent challenges, our teams were able to limit waste to approximately one dose per onsite vaccination clinic,” he added.

Walgreens said its wastage amounted to less than 0.5% of vaccines the company administered through March 29, which totaled 3 million shots in long-term care facilities and 5.2 million more through the federal government’s retail pharmacy partnership.

“Our goal has always been ensuring every dose of vaccine is used,” company spokesperson Kris Lathan said in an email. Before scheduled clinics, she said, Walgreens would base doses it would need on registrations, “which minimized excess and reduced overestimations.”

CDC spokesperson Kate Fowlie said that because the retail pharmacy giants were tasked with administering a large number of doses, “a higher percentage of the overall wastage would not be unexpected, particularly in an early vaccination effort that spanned thousands of locations.” Since President Joe Biden took office in January, his administration has directed pharmacies to prioritize vaccinations for teachers and school personnel.

Overall, pharmacies accounted for almost 75% of wasted doses reported to the CDC. States and some large cities accounted for 23.3% of vaccine waste reported, and federal agencies, including the Bureau of Prisons and the Indian Health Service, for just 1.54%. The Virgin Islands — the only U.S. territory in the federal data — was 0.19%.

“Though every effort is made to reduce the volume of wastage in a vaccination program, sometimes it’s necessary to identify doses as ‘waste’ to ensure anyone wanting a vaccine can receive it, as well as to ensure patient safety and vaccine effectiveness,” Fowlie said. Even still, the CDC has provided guidance and worked with health departments to train staff members to reduce wastage, and clinic staffers should do “everything possible” to avoid wasting shots, she added.

Vaccine waste could increase in the coming weeks as officials shift tactics to inoculate harder-to-reach populations, public health experts say.

“I think we are getting to a place where, to continue to be successful with vaccination, we’re going to have to tolerate some waste,” said Dr. Marcus Plescia, chief medical officer of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials. People unwilling to travel to a mass-vaccination site might go to a primary care physician or smaller rural pharmacy that might not be able to use every dose in an open vial, he said.

Claire Hannan, executive director of the Association of Immunization Managers, said concerns about waste should not trump getting shots into arms.

“If someone’s there, you need to vaccinate them,” she said. “In our efforts not to waste a dose, we may be missing opportunities to vaccinate because we don’t have 15 people lined up or 10 people lined up.”

CDC Numbers Don’t Match State Data

The federal government collects information about vaccine waste through federal systems called VTrckS, which manages ordering and shipments, and Tiberius, a platform run by the Department of Health and Human Services that monitors distribution. VTrckS can exchange data with state and local immunization registries that track who has received a shot, but some states rely on manual data entry, Hannan said.

The 15 states not included in the CDC’s data are Alaska, California, Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon and Texas. The District of Columbia is also missing.

Of those jurisdictions, 11 provided data to KHN: Alaska, Colorado, Kansas, Maryland, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Texas and D.C.

Most of those reported minimal waste to KHN: Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska and D.C. together registered just 1,090 wasted doses.

In others, the numbers are more significant. On March 19, the Maryland Department of Health said it knew of 3,175 wasted doses.

Texas had the most wasted doses of any state in either the CDC’s data or the data states provided to KHN. Its records showed 9,229 wasted doses as of March 26, putting it third in overall waste behind CVS and Walgreens.

Fowlie, the CDC spokesperson, said the agency is “working closely” with states that have technical issues to ensure accurate reporting.

Broken Freezers, Bent Needles, No-Shows

The reasons states gave for waste varied, from broken vials and syringes, to provider storage errors, to leftover doses from open vials that couldn’t be used.

The largest waste incidents, in which hundreds of doses were lost at a time, tended to be due to freezer malfunctions or workers leaving doses at room temperature too long.

But state records also register the little things that can go wrong.

On Dec. 16, the public health department in Gunnison County, Colorado, lost a single dose of the Pfizer vaccine when someone bumped into a table and a vial spilled. On Jan. 5, the Tri-County Health Department in Westminster, Colorado, reported that it wasted a Moderna dose because a hypodermic needle bent.

Remi Graber is a registered nurse who has vaccinated people at mass sites and community health clinics in Rhode Island. They said it’s not uncommon for a vial to have one too many or one too few doses, which can lead to a dose being counted as wasted. There are also sometimes syringe problems that result in waste.

But Graber said the biggest problem is people not showing up. Once a vial is punctured, Pfizer’s vaccine must be used within six hours. On April 1, Moderna announced that an opened vaccine vial was good for 12 hours — double what it had been previously.

“What could happen is you get people who just decide, ‘You know what? I don’t need my vaccine today. I’m not going to show up,’” they said. “Well, now we’re scrambling to find somebody to take the vaccine, because we don’t want to waste it.”

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Haven -- the joint health care venture by Amazon, Berkshire and JPMorgan -- is shutting down - CNN

Rich companies and investors with tremendous cash reserves often try to add health care to their book of companies.  Not many are successful.  Often their ventures last one to three years due to their unprofitability due to lack of demand for their services (often because there is much competition for others who have much more experience.   I try to be optimistic as to their intentions, thinking they are here to help, but more often than not there is a profit motive. These folks really do not have a clue about providing health care when they come at it from a consumer or business approach.  Those in health care already are more altruistic and continue to operate at a loss, until a financial backer, bank or otherwise begins to lose money on their own stake in the game.  

Haven, an ambitious health care company formed just three years ago as a partnership between Amazon, Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Chase is shutting down.  The only thing the investors did correctly was to hire Atul Gwande M.D, a well-respected medical writer, researcher and surgeon. Always willing to have additional income he accepted the position as COO. However after 12 months, he recognized the perverse incentives and lack of forethought forming Haven, he bailed out.  His reputation remains only slightly blemished the brush with entrepreneurs. 

"Haven will end its operations at the end of February," said Haven spokesperson Brooke Thurston in an email to CNN Business. The news was first reported by CNBC.

Why Haven Healthcare Failed HBR

Insufficient Market Power

Perverse Incentives

Poor timing

The venture was created in 2018 with the goal of helping provide better health care services and insurance at a lower cost to workers and families at these three leading American firms -- and potentially to other US companies as well.

But Haven had struggled to make inroads beyond its three partners since its inception. Haven CEO Atul Gawande stepped down last May and chief operating officer Jack Stoddard also left the firm in 2019 after just a few months' tenure.

JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon wrote in an email to employees, "Haven worked best as an incubator of ideas, a place to pilot, test and learn -- and a way to share best practices across our companies. Thurston told CNN Business that "moving forward, Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway, and JPMorgan Chase & Co. will...continue to collaborate informally to design programs tailored to address the specific needs of our individual employee populations and locations." Amazon was encouraged by it's foray into buying a pharmacy, relabelling it "Pillpak" and applying some of. its experience with unique packaging and mail orders. It probably did not require much capitalization to purchase an already existing pharmacy (mail order) and adopt their rich experience in software and shipping experience.

 The original three partners did not have a focused goal for the new entity. Operationally it was established as a tool for their own enterprises, and their own employees.  The plan was to throw money at the wall, and see if stuck, and go on from there. 

The risk became apparent when their easy money becomes hard and they withdrew.  Business people are averse to any loss in the short or long term unless they see profits within a reasonable time.  Knowledgeable people know healthcare is not a profit center.  It is there to maintain people's health, for better or worse. It is a never-ending struggle. 

Berkshire Hathaway, run by billionaire Warren Buffett, has recently been looking for bargains in the health care sector.

Berkshire disclosed in November that it bought shares of Covid-19 vaccine developer and Big Pharma leader Pfizer (PFE) in the third quarter. Buffett's firm also invested in AbbVie (ABBV), Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMY) and Merck (MRK).

Haven -- the joint health care venture by Amazon, Berkshire and JPMorgan -- is shutting down - CNN

Primary Care Doctors Look at Payment Overhaul After Pandemic Disruption

Three-quarters of the more than 500 doctors contacted in an online survey by McKinsey & Co. said they expected their practices would not make a profit in 2020.
A study in the journal Health Affairs, published in June, put a hard number on that. It estimated that primary care practices would lose an average of $68,000, or 13%, in gross revenues per full-time physician in 2020. That works out to a loss of about $15 billion nationwide.

The pandemic impacted an already festering economic climate for primary care physicians as well as specialty physicians. Surgical and other specialists such as Radiologists who depend upon referrals, and the ability to perform routine procedures also saw a precipitous decrease in volume and income.

The addition of telehealth worked well for patients, however, it did not offset the decrease in-office visits.  The saving grace was emergency authorization for reimbursement of telehealth visits by CMS, Medicaid, and private payers.

Primary Care Doctors Look at Payment Overhaul After Pandemic Disruption

The Silent Pandemic--Malaria

The general public knows little about this ongoing tragedy. The  World Health Organization knows about it, and some wealthy philanthropists (Bill and Miranda Gates Foundation) fund vaccine efforts for Malaria and HIV/AIDS.  Great progress has been made against HIV/AIDS when funds become available for these efforts.

Culex Larva growing in water, developing into mosquitoes

which transmits the Plasmodium parasite,

Malaria is a life-threatening disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes. In 2018 alone there were 228 million cases and 405,000 deaths worldwide, affecting mostly children under five years of age. Scientists have long been looking for an effective vaccine, but haven’t yet been able to produce one.

Culex and Plasmodia have a complex life cycle, the mosquito, and a vector and warm-blooded animals as a host.

As weird as it seems, spit actually seems to play a big role in how blood-sucking bugs transmit infections to humans (or other animals) that they feed on.

Red blood cells with an intracellular plasmodium parasite. (see life cycle video above)

Malaria vaccines have been developed in the past, with varying results. 1,2,3,4

Malaria is predominant in Africa, however certain genetic mutations that cause sickle cell anemia afford resistance to the parasite. The gene is most prevalent in people of African descent.

A new malaria vaccine made from the rodent malaria parasite is effective in humans

Warnings about the Use of Dietary Supplements.

While the age of health and wellness and good nutrition are upon us, the marketplace is overrun about natural supplements. 

These supplements are regulated by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). It is enforced by the Department of Justice.  Despite the regulations, supplements are sold which do not meet the requirements, nor have ever been subject to regulation.  Many are imported from foreign countries and manufactured in uninspected facilities.

 The United States Court for the Eastern District of New York has permanently enjoined a New York company and its operators from manufacturing or distributing dietary supplements unless and until they comply with the law, the Department of Justice Civil Division’s Consumer Protection Branch, and the United States Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York announced today.

A complaint filed May 23, 2019, alleged that defendants Confidence USA Inc., of Port Washington, New York, the company’s president Helen Chian, and manager Jim Chao violated the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) by distributing adulterated dietary supplements. The complaint alleged that inspections conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016, 2017, and 2018 showed that the defendants repeatedly failed to verify that their finished dietary supplements met product specifications for identity, purity, strength, composition, and contamination limits, and failed to verify the identity of each dietary ingredient used in the manufacture of the supplements. The United States filed the complaint in U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York at the request of the FDA.

According to the complaint, the defendants made and distributed more than 50 dietary supplements under brand names that include Confidence USA, American Best, USA Natural, and The Herbal Store.

The current opioid addiction has stimulated the marketing of some herbal compounds alleged to aid withdrawal symptoms (Kratom)

“Despite our warnings, companies continue to sell this dangerous product and make deceptive medical claims that are not backed by science or any reliable scientific evidence,” Ned Sharpless, the current acting FDA chief, said in a statement. “As we work to combat the opioid crisis, we cannot allow unscrupulous vendors to take advantage of consumers by selling products with unsubstantiated claims that they can treat opioid addiction or alleviate other medical conditions.

Kratom, the herb of last resort was used by opioid users in the period 2011-2017 despite reports of illness, and deaths.   Investigations revealed troubling incidents, side effects, and deaths of people using Kratom

District Court Orders Long Island Company and its Operators to Stop Distributing Adulterated Dietary Supplements | USAO-EDNY | Department of Justice

OrCam Read - For theVisually Impaired

This is a well-designed device that converts text to speech.  It has been designed for all visually impaired people.  The video explains the OrCam Read.  It is expensive.  While there are other devices for the 'low vision' community, they are inadequate in many circumstances.

Many of these patients are in the senior group, covered by Medicare.  However Low Vision devices, magnifiers, or optical lenses are NOT covered by CMS.  In 2017 H.R. 2050 was proposed by Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D N.Y.). However, it was not passed.  CMS reimburses for other aids, such as wheelchairs, crutches, and other ambulatory aids.  Vision is certainly necessary to ambulate safely.

This a glaring discrimination again low vision patients.   It is expensive however it can be purchased over time at a reasonable rate.  CMS often leases expensive wheelchairs or another prosthesis.  Why not the Orcam.  I urge you to call your representative today to lobby for the legislation to be reintroduced and ask them to sign on to the bill.

Please consider signing the petition. You will find it at change.org.

OrCam Reader

Some Covid-19 Vaccines Are Effective After One Dose, Can Be Stored in Normal Freezers, Data Show - WSJ

In a win for global vaccination goals, the BioNTech-Pfizer (Moderna)vaccine is shown to generate a strong response with one dose and to maintain potency in standard freezers for two weeks.

The daily story of the covid19 vaccine is a story of poor logistics and outright lies.  The plan for distribution was not well thought out.  Perhaps it was written down in a "playbook" and it was not implemented as written.  Although the vaccine was developed in record time, the amounts to be produced were exaggerated to fit political ambitions during a year of a Presidential election.  It was delayed by political rhetoric, and the covid pandemic itself requiring distancing, masking, and sanitizing requirements.   It is an ongoing learning experience.

The Israel's seem to have a leg up with their process. This is no surprise, it is a small country of about 8-10 million, with a universal health care system. There is a centralized health information system

https://www.wsj.com/21e48f86-5968-47d4-b508-a418d0056e5f










Some Covid-19 Vaccines Are Effective After One Dose, Can Be Stored in Normal Freezers, Data Show - WSJ: In a win for global vaccination goals, the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine is shown to generate a strong response with one dose and to maintain potency in standard freezers for two weeks.

Build a Revolutionary Healthcare Model

I hear many organizations bandying terms like Exponential Medicine, The Future of Medicine , Singularity, Precision Medicine, Personalized Medicine, and many others. Health care delivery has changed radically during the past ten years.  2020 presented a crisis that stimulated the use of already existing technology that had been under-utilized.

One of the most comprehensive patient-centered models of health care is that of "Forward" Forward is a revolutionary startup with offices in San Diego, San Francisco, Newport Beach, Glendale, and San Diego California.

It is funded by 24 private investors, initiated in 2015, with its headquarters in San Francisco.. Funding off 

Forward came inin January 2016 by former executives and engineering leaders from Google and Uber and led by serial entrepreneur Adrian Aoun. Forward was funded by some of the world's best

investors and entrepreneurs including First Round Capital, Eric Schmidt (Google/Alphabet chairman), Marc Benioff (Salesforce founder), Joe Lonsdale (Palantir founder), Joshua Kushner (Oscar co-founder), and Garrett Camp (Uber co-founder)

Forward Medical Lead, Dr. Nate Favini provides an in-depth tour of one of Forward's clinics, highlighting our biometric monitoring technology, rapid blood testing, genetic analysis, and more. Learn about how Forward's top-rated doctors leverage advanced technology to take a preventive approach to healthcare.

The video details the appearance of the clinic, it's examination rooms and the innovative means of gathering critical vital signs, as well as laboratory work, including genetic analysis.

Forward's stated goals are  Preventive primary care, powered by technology. On a mission to bring healthcare to the people who need it most.  Forward is a new approach to primary care that combines world-class doctors and leading-edge technology. Control the future of your health.

Forward Careers - Help Build a Revolutionary Healthcare Model

The methamphetamine crisis silently burns in the background. – Scientific Inquirer

Public attention has been drawn to the 'Opioid Addiction" drugs which are legally prescribed for pain management.  The misuse of these useful medications was fueled by overzealous prescribing by physicians and marketing by unscrupulous pharmaceutical companies. 

Several large previously reputable pharmaceutical companies (privately owned) were brought down by the opioid scandal (Purdue), and a rich philanthropic family's wealth destroyed by multiple large judgments (states) who sued for damages for medical treatments and therapy for addicted patients.  This will serve as a warning to those in the future who plan to profit from marketing dangerous and/or addicting drugs.

There are also many other non-opioid compounds that are used by patients who seek highs or other body experience, ranging from nitrous oxide to sniffing glue or other volatile compounds.  Many have serious effects on other body systems such as the heart, liver, and kidneys.

Methamphetamine, the chief ingredient for 'crack' is easily manufactured from some legal prescriptions including many over-the-counter cold remedies.  It became so well known that retail pharmacists no longer place them on open shelves, and although unregulated by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) keeping them under lock and key elsewhere. The key ingredient, Sudafed is a main ingredient for nasal decongestants and is nonaddictive. Its main danger is the combination of readily available supply and dangerous side effects when concentrated into 'crack" 

 

Desoxyn Methamphetamine

Blu Crystal Meth

The methamphetamine crisis silently burns in the background. – Scientific Inquirer

Covid 19 vaccine was not a miracle...read more

Many politicians claim the vaccine is a miracle, however like magic the truth is in the science.

History of  CIRM

Over 15 years ago, in California, proposition 71 was presented to the voters to create the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine and funded it with a 3 billion dollar bond issue. This occurred when then President George Bush placed a ban on harvesting human fetal tissue for stem cell research. The reason was the hot topics of right to life and faith issues.  It was a political issue. 

The CIRM allowed stem cell research to continue using adult stem cells in lieu of fetal stem cells. Certain adult organs contained primitive and only partially differentiated stem cells. Tissues that rapidly multiply such as bone marrow and skin were likely candidates.  Fortunately, this hypothesis was true. 

This formed the foundation for the Moderna and Pfizer-Bionet covid 19 vaccines. CIRM  is an interesting story in itself and worth reading about. 

Had CIRM not been formed there would have been other significant delays in the basic science of stem cells.

To learn more and attend the Webinar

REGISTER

Patients

Researchers

About CIRM 

The Stem Cellar (blog)

Video Library

Images

Cancer patients and Covid 19 Vaccinations.

As two new COVID-19 vaccines become more widely available, patients with cancer and cancer survivors may wonder if it's safe to be vaccinated.

"Because cancer patients and survivors are at higher risk for severe effects from COVID-19 infection, we recommend they get vaccinated as soon as they can," says Robert McWilliams, M.D., a medical oncologist at Mayo Clinic. "Patients who are immunosuppressed due to active cancer treatment may not get the same effective response as someone without immune compromise, but it should still be safe for them to receive the vaccine."

There is no definitive data on the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna in patients with cancer or cancer survivors. "However, the few patients with cancer who were studied as part of the clinical trials leading to the approval of these vaccines did not experience any unique side effects," says Joleen Hubbard, M.D., a medical oncologist at Mayo Clinic.

The good news for patients with cancer and cancer survivors is that the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are not live virus vaccines. That makes them less likely to cause side effects in immunosuppressed patients. "Both vaccines are mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccines, which means they teach our bodies how to make a protein that will trigger an immune response without the use of a live virus that causes COVID-19," says Dr. Hubbard. "Once triggered by the protein, our immune system makes antibodies to protect us if we are exposed to the virus."

Now that the vaccine is becoming available in the United States, expect to see more cases of side effects, however, the incidence rate remains the same.

Average daily case rate of Covid 19 positive cases.  Many of these patients have mild, moderate, or no symptoms.

Moderna Vaccine

Pfizer-Bionet

Newsfeed Detail | Mayo Clinic Connect

The Relationship Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes

Society for Neuroscience - Inside Neuroscience: The Relationship Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes

Inside Neuroscience: The Relationship Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes

Regions of the “social brain,” including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), temporoparietal junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Source: Sarah Jayne Blackmore, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2008.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, affecting over 50 million people worldwide, with rates expected to triple in the next 30 years. The disease is characterized by aggregates of amyloid-beta outside neurons and tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau within neurons. More recently, evidence suggests a disturbance in glucose metabolism in the Alzheimer’s brain as well, although whether this is a cause or symptom of the disease remains unclear. Type 2 diabetes — in which blood glucose levels are elevated — increases the risk for Alzheimer’s disease about two-fold.

A better understanding of the relationship between these two diseases may yield novel therapies. At the Neuroscience 2019 press conference “Untangling the Link Between Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease,” researchers shared new insights into how glucose metabolism problems and Alzheimer’s pathology could be related, disrupted, and potentially fixed.

Test your knowledge about Viruses Quiz gone viral - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Self-Checker

John. Hopkins is one of the best sources for Covid 19.  Beginning in January 2020 JHU has reported daily on the extent of the pandemic with an interactive global map detailing the number of cases worldwide by country.

Covid Dashboard

COVID-19 has caused a sea-change for business, social activities, health care, education, and government. There have been few other cataclysmic events in our history such as Pearl Harbor, Nine-eleven, and the Civil War.  It unleashed public outcry for police reform, justice, and too many others to list here.

In order to understand what Covid-19 is all about we are going to point readers to credible references.

Covid-19 is the first recent pandemic to affect the globe. Several other epidemics such as Ebola, Zika, SARS and H1N1 influenza pale in the extent of global involvement.  Ebola, Zika was a regional disease that did not extend to a pandemic.

This brief discussion is expanded by clicking here